The series of events from Copernicus to Newton is known collectively as the Scientific Revolution. He developed his three laws in order to explain why the orbits of the planets are ellipses rather than circles, at which he succeeded, but it turned out that he explained much more. In the Principia Newton created that new science. In the intervening years Galileo, Johannes Kepler, and Descartes laid the foundations of a new science that would both replace the Aristotelian worldview, inherited from the ancient Greeks, and explain the workings of a heliocentric universe. In 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus suggested that the Sun, rather than Earth, might be at the centre of the universe. Newton’s laws first appeared in his masterpiece, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), commonly known as the Principia. Conversely, a body that is observed not to be accelerated may be deduced to have no net force acting on it. If there is no net force acting on a body, either because there are no forces at all or because all forces are precisely balanced by contrary forces, the body does not accelerate and may be said to be in equilibrium. If a body has a net force acting on it, it undergoes accelerated motion in accordance with the second law. This force occurs because the weight of the book causes the table to deform slightly so that it pushes back on the book like a coiled spring. According to the third law, the table applies an equal and opposite force to the book. For example, a book resting on a table applies a downward force equal to its weight on the table. The forces it describes are real ones, not mere bookkeeping devices. This law is important in analyzing problems of static equilibrium, where all forces are balanced, but it also applies to bodies in uniform or accelerated motion. The third law is also known as the law of action and reaction. Newton’s third law states that when two bodies interact, they apply forces to one another that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Newton’s third law: the law of action and reaction Conversely, if a body is not accelerated, there is no net force acting on it. If a body has a net force acting on it, it is accelerated in accordance with the equation. For a body whose mass m is constant, it can be written in the form F = m a, where F (force) and a ( acceleration) are both vector quantities. Newton’s second law is one of the most important in all of physics. A force applied to a body can change the magnitude of the momentum or its direction or both. Momentum, like velocity, is a vector quantity, having both magnitude and direction. The momentum of a body is equal to the product of its mass and its velocity. It states that the time rate of change of the momentum of a body is equal in both magnitude and direction to the force imposed on it. Newton’s second law is a quantitative description of the changes that a force can produce on the motion of a body. Learn how immovable objects and unstoppable forces are the same See all videos for this article SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.
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